Comorbilidad física y uso de servicios de atención de la salud en personas con esquizofrenia: unarevisión sistemática
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Resumen
Introducción. La esquizofrenia puede provocar una discapacidad significativa y tener un impacto notable en el funcionamiento social y ocupacional. Este trastorno tiende a disminuir la esperanza de vida debido a una variedad de factores, incluidos malos hábitos de salud, obstáculos para acceder a la atención médica y el estigma a las enfermedades mentales.
Objetivo. La presente revisión sistemática pretende examinar la comorbilidad física de estos pacientes y su uso de los servicios de salud.
Método. El protocolo registrado en la base de datos PROSPERO (CRD42020139972) sigue las directrices Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A través de PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library y ProQuest Health Research Premium Collection se identificaron 317 artículos y se seleccionaron 57.
Resultados. Las personas que padecen esquizofrenia se enfrentan a una tasa de mortalidad que supera al menos el doble de la población general, y son susceptibles a enfermedades cardiovasculares, respiratorias, diabetes mellitus, oncológicas e infecciones crónicas, que pueden disminuir su esperanza de vida. Las complicaciones durante la hospitalización y las estancias prolongadas dificultan su atención sanitaria.
Discusión y conclusión. Los sistemas de salud requieren mejoras para brindar una atención adecuada a los pacientes con esquizofrenia y ayudar a incrementar su esperanza de vida. Además, estos pacientes se benefician de adoptar estilos de vida saludables, tratar la dependencia de sustancias y adaptar el tratamiento antipsicótico. Parece crucial ejecutar estrategias de intervención y capacitar a los profesionales clínicos para poder detectar y manejar las comorbilidades físicas asociadas a este trastorno mental.
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